tfiglobal | The major issue African countries face even after the presence of
valuable minerals and metals under their soil is the unavailability of
technology and capital for extraction. Major developed countries with
the appropriate means are known to have considerable interest in African
countries majorly due to their resources.
Moscow has maintained strong relations with Kampala. Uganda’s President Yoweri Museveni did call Russia ‘Europe’s Center Of Gravity,’ and expressed strong support for the Kremlin amid the ongoing war.
The
EU’s and Biden’s disregard for the African nations has placed the West
in an unstrategic position there. Due to their broad disregard for the
food security and inflation problems in African nations, Biden and his
minions have lost all political clout in Africa. A master strategist
like Putin would never have missed this chance to solidify his position.
Putin’s Masterstroke
Biden
has done the damage and it is time for Putin to come into the picture
and take steps to strengthen the already powerful Russian economy.
Russia’s masterstroke to control a big chunk of the commodity market of
the world is making Moscow unbeatable and irreplaceable.
Uganda’s
reserves and Moscow’s interest in the region would be a demonstration of
a show of strength in this time of crisis. Russia’s interest in Uganda
is not newfound. Russian investors backed the first gold refinery in Uganda more than ten years ago.
The
refinery, established by Russian-owned Victoria Gold Star Limited, has a
capacity to process 1.2 tonnes of raw gold per month, the company’s
managing director told Reuters.
Of late, Russia has also taken
advantage of loopholes in sanctions and has strategically used its
humongous $140 Billion gold reserves to hold down its economic fort. You
see, gold is more of an elixir for Russia right now. Since Russia
invaded Crimea back in 2014, the Russian state has been constantly
working hard to steer its economy against the impact of sanctions. One
avenue to do so was to increase its gold reserves, as gold tends to soar
in times of conflict.
Putin also understands that the West cannot
just sanction commodities such as crude oil, grain and gold because
they would have severe repercussions on the global order. This is
precisely why Moscow is all set to assist Uganda in its future mining
endeavours and parallelly solidify its stronghold on the commodities
trade. Africa in general and Uganda, in particular, would soon become
one of the strongest allies of Russia.
ssrn | Introduction: In 2020, prior to COVID-19 vaccine rollout, the Coalition
for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations and Brighton Collaboration created
a priority list, endorsed by the World Health Organization, of
potential adverse events relevant to COVID-19 vaccines. We leveraged the
Brighton Collaboration list to evaluate serious adverse events of
special interest observed in phase III randomized trials of mRNA
COVID-19 vaccines.
Methods: Secondary analysis of serious adverse
events reported in the placebo-controlled, phase III randomized
clinical trials of Pfizer and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines
(NCT04368728 and NCT04470427), focusing analysis on potential adverse
events of special interest identified by the Brighton Collaboration.
Results:
Pfizer and Moderna mRNA COVID-19 vaccines were associated with an
increased risk of serious adverse events of special interest, with an
absolute risk increase of 10.1 and 15.1 per 10,000 vaccinated over
placebo baselines of 17.6 and 42.2 (95% CI -0.4 to 20.6 and -3.6 to
33.8), respectively. Combined, the mRNA vaccines were associated with an
absolute risk increase of serious adverse events of special interest of
12.5 per 10,000 (95% CI 2.1 to 22.9). The excess risk of serious
adverse events of special interest surpassed the risk reduction for
COVID-19 hospitalization relative to the placebo group in both Pfizer
and Moderna trials (2.3 and 6.4 per 10,000 participants, respectively).
Discussion:
The excess risk of serious adverse events found in our study points to
the need for formal harm-benefit analyses, particularly those that are
stratified according to risk of serious COVID-19 outcomes such as
hospitalization or death.
One of the very first things I noticed with Covid was that it had all
the clinical signs of destroying zeta potential within the body, which
is something you almost never see (and many other clinicians have
observed the same things I have although very few of them are aware of
this and a potential concept and hands do not have an explanation for
what they are observing). Since that time, I have also noticed the
vaccines will often do the same thing. Some of the signs are very hard
to pick up on (and may make me sound a little weird once you go into
fluids besides the blood), but one of the key ones is that the blood
starts to clump together and becomes significantly more viscous. For
example, all of you have seen the microscope slides of vaccinated blood
being clamped together, and I have started hearing stories of vaccinated
patients where is not possible to do blood draws on them even through
their external jugular vein (because the black keeps clotting), which is
something most of us had never run into. Who is one of these people,
it took about six weeks of them being on proteolytic enzymes before it
was actually possible to do a large vein blood draw, which is extremely
concerning put it mildly.
That
is unheard of! Are you talking about living patients actually??? Do the
unjabed patients with Covid have identical symptoms of that severe
clamping or it is 'just' the jabbed? Thank you very much for sharing all
this... Actually I wrote many posts with the genetic analysis of the
Spike code, which has pieces of everything, including every single
clotting factor out there, as if the Spike sequence was made for
hemophiliacs, to keep their blood running properly...
Oh
that's crazy, I had no idea that spike protein had clotting factors in
it. Could you like me to that post? That is really interesting.
Regarding
your question, I have seen patients with Covid who had a very thick
blood, and blood that was very dark and look different (which I know
from having done a lot of blood draws correlates with low zeta
potential), and I have friends who have had Covid whose body filled with
major clots (to the point they needed blood transfusions once the clots
were removed).... but the blood clotting being described here has only
occurred in alive and vaccinated patients
That
is really interesting. As you probably know, one of the major issues
with Covid blood clots and vaccine damage is that they don't really
respond to anticoagulants. Each of the anticoagulants on the market (the
main ones are heparin and Xarelto and Plavix) don't really work… Plavix
is the only one that seems to stop the blood clots. This will probably
make more sense if you look at it yourself, but it's very likely one of
the things that's happening is that the spike protein is messing with
the coagulation cascade in a way that are not designed to address. I do
not have a good enough background in hematology to say anything
definitive on this, but I suspect that there's some extent, the spike
protein coagulation factors are able to activate sequential parts of the
coagulation cascade. Would you be open to taking a deep dive on this
and seeing if the structure of any of the coagulation factor like
domains could cause a subsequent part of the coagulation cascade to
activate? This might require some In Silico modeling or docking
analysis. If that's beyond your ability to do, I might know someone who
could figure this out. Overall, I do not think this is that complicated
and disco potentially be a really big deal for what all the clinicians
are working with in the field.
do
you know that FActor IX is also called Christmas Factor? Named after
the first AIDS patient who needed lot of blood transfusions and
subsequently died? Guess when the biggest HIV specialist has his
birthday: 24 Dec, on Christmas. I'm talking Dr. Fauci.
I
also wonder if one of the reasons why you periodically see clotting
disorders and severe hemorrhages after exposure to the spike protein is
because they are having antibodies to the clotting factor form within
the body (I am the most familiar with this occurring in hemophiliacs
from foreign factor VIII).
if
you know the part sequence of those anti-bodies just check it with the
known Spike sequence. Once you chop it down, you end up with all these
pieces! There is a good paper about the epitopes within the spike, every
single segment of it is an epitope, wrote abut it in the last few posts
all the time...
if
you are performing the 'official medicine' then yes, normal drugs won't
help, you need new drugs, more drugs.. Was just listening to Dr.
Klinghard on acu2020 hearing:
He is using 3ple combo, of which heparin is just one component, which
won't work on its own. He adds hydroxychloroquine and zinc, with
antibiotic. I think they will translate his 1 hour interview so you can
listen to it yourself and get the formula.
I used to
do macromolecular modeling years back, but no more for the last quite
few years, do not have the software for that. Just do the open source
support in the bioinformatics area, but can check out if online support
is available. Also I must say, people need HELP NOW, FAST. The NATURAL
remedies for anticoaglation are out there, just have the guts to use it,
against your board of .... Last but not least, the ANTI-venom remedy is
equally worth to try out. Even I, as NON-MD, know what to use to help
myself...
amidwesterndoctor |If you do not have time to read this article, there are a few key takeaways from it:
•A
wide range of approaches have been utilized to reduce the population,
many of which directly affect your health and total lifespan regardless
of your desire to have children.
•These horrific
sterilizing campaigns are always first conducted on vulnerable and
ignored groups of people (i.e. impoverished racial minorities), so that
these campaigns can first be trialed and refined out of sight and out of
mind.
•It is in everyone’s best interest to stand
up for these vulnerable groups because if you allow evil to be done to
them, that same evil will eventually end up on your doorstep, and by the
time it has built enough momentum to get there, it is very difficult to
stop.
•The primary obstacle to these campaigns has
always been their technological feasibility; their morality is rarely if
ever considered.
It is my belief that vaccines
represent the ideal form of population control because they are very
easy to administer, they can provide long-term or permanent
sterilization and the blind public faith in vaccination prevents most
people from ever questioning sterilization done under the guise of
“public health.” I am not the only person who realized this and the
Western Elite (currently led by the WHO and Bill Gates) have spent
decades attempting to develop sterilizing vaccines.
There
is clear evidence forced trials of sterilizing vaccines have been
repeatedly occurring over the decades. As such, it was reasonable to
assume that the Eugenicists would not let an opportunity like the Covid
vaccines to go to waste, and there was a real possibility that something
was present in the mRNA vaccines that would cause sterility or death. I
likewise attempted to objectively summarize this complex and
emotionally charged subject here:
"Gravity is fractally dual" is an assertion waaay above my pay grade. That said, I'll just slide this little morsel in here.
In the 1960s, in an attempt to understand quantum gravity, physicist Roger Penrose proposed such a radical alternative. In Penrose's twistor theory, geometric points are replaced by twistors—entities that most closely resemble stretched, light ray-like shapes. Within this twistor space, Penrose discovered a highly efficient way to represent fields that travel at the speed of light, such as electromagnetic and gravitational fields. Reality, however, is composed of more than fields—any theory needs also to account for the interactions between fields, such as the electric force between charges, or, in the more complicated case of General Relativity, gravitational attraction resulting from the energy of the field itself. However, including the interactions of General Relativity into this picture has proven a formidable task.
So can we express in twistor language a full-fledged quantum gravitational theory, perhaps simpler than General Relativity, but with both fields and interactions fully taken into account? Yes, according to Neiman.
"Things are interesting (life, consciousness, whatever) when the dynamic nature and static nature come to an agreement with each other." RNA is the embodied information that sets causal boundary conditions I got excited last year when it struck me Jordan B. Peterson gish gallop style that interference with any machinery setting causal boundaries for the quantum information flow that makes me interesting is strictly out of bounds.
Now that I have a wee bit of data from physical chemistry - and observational anecdota from clinical observation of covid symptoms - indicating that the ubiquitous spike protein precipitated either by viral propagation or synthetic mRNA therapeutic proliferation interferes with a micro-macro-scale process indispensable not only for life but for the evolution of complex life and anecdotally with aging, well..., it's just too satisfyingly handy.
If you are robust because young, or robust because objectively physiognomically superior, or robust because clever and prepared via blood thinners and vasodialators - laissez le bon temps roulez.
If your processes are suboptimally vigorous, and your body is unable to resist and home in on the virus, well then you're simply fucked. Spike protein gone flocc you up one way or another.
wikipedia | Since the 1940s, the DLVO theory has been used to explain phenomena
found in colloidal science, adsorption and many other fields. Due to the
more recent popularity of nanoparticle research, DLVO theory has become
even more popular because it can be used to explain behavior of both
material nanoparticles such as fullerene particles and microorganisms.
DLVO theory is a theory of colloidal dispersion stability in which zeta potential
is used to explain that as two particles approach one another their
ionic atmospheres begin to overlap and a repulsion force is developed.[1] In this theory, two forces are considered to impact on colloidal stability: Van der Waals forces and electrical double layer forces.
The total potential energy
is described as the sum of the attraction potential and the repulsion
potential. When two particles approach each other, electrostatic
repulsion increases and the interference between their electrical double layers increases. However, the Van der Waals
attraction also increases as they get closer. At each distance, the net
potential energy of the smaller value is subtracted from the larger
value.[2]
At very close distances, the combination of these forces results
in a deep attractive well, which is referred to as the primary minimum.
At larger distances, the energy profile goes through a maximum, or energy barrier, and subsequently passes through a shallow minimum, which is referred to as the secondary minimum.[3]
At the maximum of the energy barrier, repulsion is greater than
attraction. Particles rebound after interparticle contact, and remain
dispersed throughout the medium. The maximum energy needs to be greater
than the thermal energy. Otherwise, particles will aggregate due to the
attraction potential.[3]
The height of the barrier indicates how stable the system is. Since
particles have to overcome this barrier in order to aggregate, two
particles on a collision course must have sufficient kinetic energy due to their velocity and mass.[2]
If the barrier is cleared, then the net interaction is all attractive,
and as a result the particles aggregate. This inner region is often
referred to as an energy trap since the colloids can be considered to be trapped together by Van der Waals forces.[2]
For a colloidal system,
the thermodynamic equilibrium state may be reached when the particles
are in deep primary minimum. At primary minimum, attractive forces
overpower the repulsive forces at low molecular distances. Particles
coagulate and this process is not reversible.[4]
However, when the maximum energy barrier is too high to overcome, the
colloid particles may stay in the secondary minimum, where particles are
held together but more weakly than in the primary minimum.[5] Particles form weak attractions but are easily redispersed. Thus, the adhesion at secondary minimum can be reversible.[6]
research.colostate | Zeta potential is a physical property which is exhibited by any particle in suspension, macromolecule or material surface. It can be used to optimize the formulations of suspensions, emulsions and protein solutions, predict interactions with surfaces, and optimise the formation of films and coatings. Knowledge of the zeta potential can reduce the time needed to produce trial formulations. It can also be used as an aid in predicting long-term stability.
This introduction concentrates on the zeta potential of colloidal systems, with a density low enough such that if they remain dispersed, sedimentation is negligible.
Colloid Science
Three of the fundamental states of matter are solids, liquids and gases. If one of these states is finely dispersed in another then we have a 'colloidal system'. These materials have special properties that are of great practical importance.
There are various examples of colloidal systems that include aerosols, emulsions, colloidal suspensions and association colloids. In certain circumstances, the particles in a dispersion may adhere to one another and form aggregates of successively increasing size, which may settle out under the influence of gravity. An initially formed aggregate is called a floc and the process of its formation flocculation. The floc may or may not sediment or phase separate. If the aggregate changes to a much denser form, it is said to undergo coagulation. An aggregate usually separates out either by sedimentation (if it is more dense than the medium) or by creaming (if it less dense than the medium). The terms flocculation and coagulation have often been used interchangeably. Usually coagulation is irreversible whereas flocculation can be reversed by the process of deflocculation.
Colloidal Stability and DVLO Theory
The scientists Derjaguin, Verwey, Landau and Overbeek developed a theory in the 1940s which dealt with the stability of colloidal systems. DVLO theory suggests that the stability of a particle in solution is dependent upon its total potential energy function VT.
This theory recognizes that VT is the balance of several competing contributions:
VT = VA + VR + VS
VS is the potential energy due to the solvent, it usually only makes a marginal contribution to the total potential energy over the last few nanometers of separation.
Much more important is the balance between VA and VR, these are the attractive and repulsive contributions. They potentially are much larger and operate over a much larger distance.
VA = -A/(12 π D2)
where A is the Hamaker constant and D is the particle separation.
The repulsive potential VR is a far more complex function.
VR = 2 π ε a ζ2 exp(-κD)
where a is the particle radius, π is the solvent permeability, κ is a function of the ionic composition and ζ is the zeta potential.
DVLO theory suggests that the stability of a colloidal system is determined by the sum of these van der Waals attractive (VA) and electrical double layer repulsive (VR) forces that exist between particles as they approach each other due to the Brownian motion they are undergoing. Figure 2a shows the separate forces as a dotted line, and the sum of these forces as the solid line. This sum has a peak, and the theory proposes that particles that are initially separated are prevented from approaching each other because of the repulsive force. However if the particles are forced with sufficient energy to overcome that barrier, for example by increasing the temperature, the attractive force will pull them into contact where they adhere strongly and irreversibly together. Therefore if the particles have a sufficiently high repulsion, the dispersion will resist flocculation and the colloidal system will be stable.
However if a repulsion mechanism does not exist then flocculation or coagulation will eventually take place. If the zeta potential is reduced (e.g. in high salt concentrations), there is a possibility of a "secondary minimum" being created, where a much weaker and potentially reversible
adhesion between particles exists (figure 2 (b)). These weak flocs are sufficiently stable not to be broken up by Brownian motion, but may disperse under an externally applied force such as vigorous agitation.
Therefore to maintain the stability of the colloidal system, the repulsive forces must be dominant. How can colloidal stability be achieved? There are two fundamental mechanisms that affect dispersion stability.
Steric repulsion - this involves polymers added to the system adsorbing onto the particle surface and preventing the particle surfaces coming into close contact. If enough polymer adsorbs, the thickness of the coating will be sufficient to keep particles separated by steric repulsions between the polymer layers, and at those separations the van der Waals forces are too weak to cause the particles to adhere.
Electrostatic or charge stabilization - this is the effect on particle interaction due to the distribution of charged species in the system.
Each mechanism has its benefits for particular systems. Steric stabilization is simple, requiring just the addition of a suitable polymer. However it can be difficult to subsequently flocculate the system if this is required, the polymer can be expensive and in some cases the polymer is undesirable e.g. when a ceramic slip is cast and sintered, the polymer has to be 'burnt out'. This causes shrinkage and can lead to defects.
Electrostatic or charge stabilization has the benefits of stabilizing or flocculating a system by simply altering the concentration of ions in the system. This is a reversible process and is potentially inexpensive.
It has long been recognized that the zeta potential is a very good index of the magnitude of the interaction between colloidal particles and measurements of zeta potential are commonly used to assess the stability of colloidal system.
Study from Senior Editor of the British Medical Journal Peter Doshi, et al, finds the absolute risk of serious AE from mRNA vaccines exceeds the absolute risk reduction of serious covid-19 infection.https://t.co/6JxOyIZVEHpic.twitter.com/PHhODa2dYt
There's only just so much to be said about the latest chapter in the empire of lies' desperate and ultimately futile attempt to hold onto financial and colonial power. That horse is already out of the barn and there isn't a damn thing any of us can do about it except ride it out as best we can.
🚨: NY Times' Jim Tankersley asks Biden, "How long is it fair to expect American drivers to pay that premium" for the war in Ukraine?
zeta potential though, well, that's a whole other ball of wax. I'm going to make a simple, direct, and hopefully non-controversial claim. Aging is largely a process of all the fluid circulations in your body shutting down. I hadn't thought about that before. Why, because it falls into the yawning crack of unadvertised behavior. Science and the experts don't consider it, therefore it never trickles down into the consensus hubbub, so, out of sight, out of mind. This work here is purportedly about liminal views of consensus reality - so - back to the practical work at hand.
Well, it's not entirely true that I'd completely overlooked the question of fluid circulations, but, the version I had considered for some time, and then put back up on the shelf, was the version taught by taoist alchemy chi kung. According to this systematization, chi or vital energy depends upon the circulation of fluids in and around organ fascia. That's one aspect of zeta potential, and perhaps an oversimplification of chi kung.
Just as there was a powerful and clear signal sent concerning the underlying nature, origin, and purpose of the panicdemic - when the administration changed partisan hands - yet, hot-shots of mRNA goo alone remained the single mandated official response - so also - a very clear and powerful signal has been sent to us. Compare and contrast the west's response to coronavirus with China's continued insistence on hard lock-down procedures. What do they know that our misleadership pretends not to know?
Further, there's the fact that China's allopathic medical response has been more traditional. They are not administering hot shots of mRNA goo and blatantly and extravagantly fucking around with the future viability of the Middle Kingdom's people. Neither are the Russians.
All subjects of the empire of lies, however, are at risk of yet another mandated round of multiple hot shots of experimental goo, including the little children.
Trust the science you sleeping fools.
Trust deeze-nutz muhphukka....,
WW-III has been declared on the subjects of western corporatocracies by our own psychopathocratic gerontocracy. The western panic-demic governance response has nothing whatsoever to do with public health. AFAIC - the madness being inflicted upon us - looks much more like an upgraded core tactic in an arsenal of economic and medical warfare on all of us uselessly eating and no longer economically viable pissants.
There may not be much we can do to stop billion$ being squandered and stolen via Ukraine.
However, we are far from helpless in the face of this specific medicalized assault.
thehill | The Biden administration
announced Wednesday that is paying $3.2 billion for 105 million doses
of an updated Pfizer COVID-19 vaccine for a fall campaign, pending Food
and Drug Administration signoff on the new formula.
The order is a major step in the administration’s efforts to move
forward with a new vaccination push this fall, in a bid to blunt a
renewed COVID-19 surge when the weather turns colder in much of the
country.
The updated vaccine is expected to target the omicron variant, with the goal of providing improved protection.
The new doses are expected to begin to be delivered “as soon as late
summer 2022 and continue into the fourth quarter of this year,” Pfizer
said in a news release.
The Biden administration is using money that it was forced to cut
from other areas of its COVID-19 response after Congress did not act on
the administration’s request for new funds.
The White House is still pushing for more money from Congress, but
prospects on Capitol Hill are not looking particularly hopeful amid a
continued stalemate. Republicans have pushed back on the urgency for the funds.
White House COVID-19 response coordinator Ashish Jha said
that “despite months of warnings from the Administration on the
consequences of a lack of funding,” due to Congress’s lack of action,
Wednesday’s order “will not purchase enough vaccines to offer one of
these new booster shots to every adult and unfortunately, comes at the
expense of continued funding for other critical pandemic response needs
like testing manufacturing and domestic vaccine manufacturing.”
The order placed on Wednesday, though, will ensure the country is not completely lacking in updated vaccines for the fall.
“We look forward to taking delivery of these new variant-specific
vaccines and working with state and local health departments,
pharmacies, health care providers, federally qualified health centers,
and other partners to make them available in communities around the
country this fall,” said Dawn O’Connell, an assistant secretary at the
Department of Health and Human Services.
A Food and Drug Administration advisory committee on Thursday gave
the green light to updating vaccines for omicron, though there are still
more steps in the approval process.
Uptake of even a first booster dose, which is recommended for
everyone aged 5 and older, has been lagging, an indication that not
everyone will want an updated booster this fall.
axial | Schrödinger won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1933 and was exiled
from his native home Austria after the nation was annexed by Nazi
Germany. He moved to Ireland after he was invited to set up the Dublin
Institute of Advanced Studies. This follows the past history of Ireland
acting as a storehouse of knowledge during the Dark Ages. After decades
of work, biology was becoming more formalized around the 1940s. Better
tools were emerging to perturb various organisms and samples and the
increasing number of discoveries was building out the framework of life.
With the rediscovery of Mendel’s work on genetics, scientists probably
most importantly Thomas Hunt Morgan and his work on fruit flies (Drosophila) set up the rules of heredity - genes located on chromosomes with each cell containing a set of chromosomes. In 1927, a seminal discovery
was made that irradiation by X-rays of fruits flies can induce
mutations. Just the medium was not known where Schrödinger was thinking
through his ideas on biology. At the same type, organic chemistry was
improving and various macromolecules in the cell such as enzymes were
being identified along with the various types of bonds made. For
Schrödinger, there were no tools to characterized these macromolecules
(i.e. proteins, nucleic acids) such as X-ray crystallography. Really the
only tool useful at the time was centrifugation. At the time, many
people expected proteins to be the store and transmitter of genetic
information. Luckily, Oswald Avery published an incredible paper in 1944 that found DNA as probably the store instead of proteins.
With this knowledge base Schrödinger took a beginner’s mind
to biology. In some ways his naivety was incredibly useful. Instead of
being anchored to some widely-accepted premise that proteins transmitted
genetic information (although he had a hunch some protein was
responsible), the book thought from first principles and identified a
few key concepts in biology that were not appreciated but became very
important. Thankfully Schrödinger was curious - he enjoyed writing
poetry and reading philosophy so jumped into biology somewhat
fearlessly. At the beginning of the book, he sets the main question as:
“How
can the events in space and time which take place within the spatial
boundary of a living organism be accounted for by physics and
chemistry?”
Information
In the first chapter,
Schrödinger argues that because organisms have orderly behavior they
must follow the laws of physics. Because physics relies on statistics,
life was follow the same rules. He then argues that because biological
properties have some level of permanence the material that stores this
information then must be stable. This material must have the ability to
change from one stable state to another (i.e. mutations). Classical
physics is not very useful here, but for Schrödinger his expertise in
quantum mechanics helped determine that these stable states must be held
together through covalent bonds (a quantum phenomena) within a
macromolecule. In the early chapters, the book argues that the gene must
be a stable macromolecule.
Through discussion around the
stability of the gene, the book makes its most important breakthrough -
an analogy between a gene and an aperiodic crystal (DNA is aperiodic but
Schrödinger amazingly didn’t know that at the time): “the germ of a
solid.” Simply, a periodic crystal can store a small amount of
information with an infinite number of atoms and an aperiodic crystal
has the ability to store a near infinite amount of information in a
small number of atoms. The latter was more in line with what the current
data suggested what a gene was. Max Delbrück had similar ideas along
with J.B.S. Haldane, but the book was the first to connect this idea to
heredity. But readers at the time and maybe even still overextended this
framework to believe that genetic code contains all of the information
to build an organism. This isn’t true, development requires an
environment with some level of randomness.
wikipedia | In chapter I, Schrödinger explains that most physical laws on a large
scale are due to chaos on a small scale. He calls this principle
"order-from-disorder." As an example he mentions diffusion,
which can be modeled as a highly ordered process, but which is caused
by random movement of atoms or molecules. If the number of atoms is
reduced, the behaviour of a system becomes more and more random. He
states that life greatly depends on order and that a naïve physicist may
assume that the master code of a living organism has to consist of a
large number of atoms.
In chapter II and III, he summarizes what was known at this time
about the hereditary mechanism. Most importantly, he elaborates the
important role mutations play in evolution.
He concludes that the carrier of hereditary information has to be both
small in size and permanent in time, contradicting the naïve physicist's
expectation. This contradiction cannot be resolved by classical physics.
In chapter IV, Schrödinger presents molecules,
which are indeed stable even if they consist of only a few atoms, as
the solution. Even though molecules were known before, their stability
could not be explained by classical physics, but is due to the discrete
nature of quantum mechanics. Furthermore, mutations are directly linked to quantum leaps.
He continues to explain, in chapter V, that true solids, which are also permanent, are crystals.
The stability of molecules and crystals is due to the same principles
and a molecule might be called "the germ of a solid." On the other hand,
an amorphous solid, without crystalline structure, should be regarded as a liquid with a very high viscosity.
Schrödinger believes the heredity material to be a molecule, which
unlike a crystal does not repeat itself. He calls this an aperiodic
crystal. Its aperiodic nature allows it to encode an almost infinite
number of possibilities with a small number of atoms. He finally
compares this picture with the known facts and finds it in accordance
with them.
In chapter VI Schrödinger states:
...living matter, while not eluding the "laws of
physics" as established up to date, is likely to involve "other laws of
physics" hitherto unknown, which however, once they have been revealed,
will form just as integral a part of science as the former.
He knows that this statement is open to misconception and tries to
clarify it. The main principle involved with "order-from-disorder" is
the second law of thermodynamics, according to which entropy only increases in a closed system (such as the universe). Schrödinger explains that living matter evades the decay to thermodynamical equilibrium by homeostatically maintaining negative entropy in an open system.
In chapter VII, he maintains that "order-from-order" is not
absolutely new to physics; in fact, it is even simpler and more
plausible. But nature follows "order-from-disorder", with some
exceptions as the movement of the celestial bodies
and the behaviour of mechanical devices such as clocks. But even those
are influenced by thermal and frictional forces. The degree to which a
system functions mechanically or statistically depends on the
temperature. If heated, a clock ceases to function, because it melts.
Conversely, if the temperature approaches absolute zero,
any system behaves more and more mechanically. Some systems approach
this mechanical behaviour rather fast with room temperature already
being practically equivalent to absolute zero.
Schrödinger concludes this chapter and the book with philosophical speculations on determinism, free will, and the mystery of human consciousness.
He attempts to "see whether we cannot draw the correct
non-contradictory conclusion from the following two premises: (1) My
body functions as a pure mechanism according to Laws of Nature; and (2)
Yet I know, by incontrovertible direct experience, that I am directing
its motions, of which I foresee the effects, that may be fateful and
all-important, in which case I feel and take full responsibility for
them. The only possible inference from these two facts is, I think, that
I – I in the widest meaning of the word, that is to say, every
conscious mind that has ever said or felt 'I' – am the person, if any,
who controls the 'motion of the atoms' according to the Laws of Nature".
Schrödinger then states that this insight is not new and that Upanishads
considered this insight of "ATHMAN = BRAHMAN" to "represent
quintessence of deepest insights into the happenings of the world."
Schrödinger rejects the idea that the source of consciousness should
perish with the body because he finds the idea "distasteful". He also
rejects the idea that there are multiple immortal souls that can exist
without the body because he believes that consciousness is nevertheless
highly dependent on the body. Schrödinger writes that, to reconcile the
two premises,
The only possible alternative is simply
to keep to the immediate experience that consciousness is a singular of
which the plural is unknown; that there is only one thing and that what
seems to be a plurality is merely a series of different aspects of this
one thing…
Any intuitions that consciousness is plural, he says, are illusions. Schrödinger is sympathetic to the Hindu concept of Brahman, by which each individual's consciousness is only a manifestation of a unitary consciousness pervading the universe
— which corresponds to the Hindu concept of God. Schrödinger concludes
that "...'I' am the person, if any, who controls the 'motion of the
atoms' according to the Laws of Nature." However, he also qualifies the
conclusion as "necessarily subjective" in its "philosophical
implications". In the final paragraph, he points out that what is meant
by "I" is not the collection of experienced events but "namely the
canvas upon which they are collected." If a hypnotist succeeds in
blotting out all earlier reminiscences, he writes, there would be no
loss of personal existence — "Nor will there ever be."[8]
medical-net | Quantum biology is an emerging field of science, established in the
1920s, which looks at whether the subatomic world of quantum mechanics
plays a role in living cells. Quantum mechanics is an interdisciplinary
field by nature, bringing together nuclear physicists, biochemists and
molecular biologists.
In a research paper published by the journal Physical Chemistry
Chemical Physics, a team from Surrey's Leverhulme Quantum Biology
Doctoral Training Centre used state-of-the-art computer simulations and
quantum mechanical methods to determine the role proton tunneling, a
purely quantum phenomenon, plays in spontaneous mutations inside DNA.
Proton tunneling involves the spontaneous disappearance of a proton
from one location and the same proton's re-appearance nearby.
The
research team found that atoms of hydrogen, which are very light,
provide the bonds that hold the two strands of the DNA's double helix
together and can, under certain conditions, behave like spread-out waves
that can exist in multiple locations at once, thanks to proton
tunneling. This leads to these atoms occasionally being found on the
wrong strand of DNA, leading to mutations.
Although these mutations' lifetime is short, the team from Surrey has
revealed that they can still survive the DNA replication mechanism
inside cells and could potentially have health consequences.
Dr Marco Sacchi, the project lead and Royal Society University
Research Fellow at the University of Surrey, said: "Many have long
suspected that the quantum world - which is weird, counter-intuitive and
wonderful - plays a role in life as we know it. While the idea that
something can be present in two places at the same time might be absurd
to many of us, this happens all the time in the quantum world, and our
study confirms that quantum tunneling also happens in DNA at room
temperature."
There is still a long and exciting road ahead of us to understand how
biological processes work on the subatomic level, but our study - and
countless others over the recent years - have confirmed quantum
mechanics are at play. In the future, we are hoping to investigate how
tautomers produced by quantum tunneling can propagate and generate
genetic mutations."
Louie Slocombe, PhD Student, Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre and Study Co-Author
Jim Al-Khalili, a co-author of the study and Co-Director of the
Leverhulme Quantum Biology Doctoral Training Centre at the University of
Surrey, said: "It has been thrilling to work with this group of young,
diverse and talented thinkers - made up of a broad coalition of the
scientific world. This work cements quantum biology as the most exciting
field of scientific research in the 21st century."
discovermagazine |With photosynthesis, scientists show
for the first time that there are quantum effects in living systems.
This could lead to better solar panels, energy storage or even quantum
computers. (Credit: Shutterstock) We all probably learned about photosynthesis,
how plants turn sunlight into energy, in school. It might seem,
therefore, that we figured out this bit of the world. But scientists are
still learning new things about even the most basic stuff (see also
the sun and moon), and photosynthesis is no different. In particular, according to a study released Monday in Nature Chemistry,
an international team of scientists showed that molecules involved in
photosynthesis display quantum mechanical behavior. Even though we’d suspected
as much before, this is the first time we’ve seen quantum effects in
living systems. Not only will it help us better understand plants,
sunlight and everything in between, but it could also mean cool new tech
in the future.
The Quantum Conundrum
First, let’s back up. While photosynthesis may be taught in classrooms
the world over, quantum mechanics is a bit less popular, in part because
it’s so weird. Nobel Prize-winning quantum physicist Richard Feynman
once said, "I think I can safely say that nobody understands quantum
mechanics." It’s so impenetrable to non-experts that the same metaphors
come up whenever someone tries to explain it. You might have heard of Schrödinger's Cat,
which is both alive and dead at the same time thanks to quantum
weirdness — in particular, because electrons can be in two states at the
same time. It’s only when we observe the system that the weirdness
collapses and reality “picks” one state: the cat’s actually alive (or
dead), the electron’s actually at this end of the room (or that end).
But quantum effects are typically limited to the very small, and only
really observable in perfect, laboratory conditions. A living being,
with its wet, messy systems, would be a tough place to find some quantum
weirdness lurking — and yet we have.
Molecular Madness
Scientists zoomed in on the Fenna-Matthews-Olson (FMO) complex, a key component of green sulfur bacteria's machinery
for photosynthesis. It’s been a historical favorite for such research
because we’ve long known its structure and it's fairly easy to work
with. Previous experiments had seemed to show light-sensitive molecules
in this area in two different states at the same time — that’s quantum
weirdness — but the effect lasted more than 1 picosecond, which is much
longer than expected. This new study shows that it was really just
regular vibrations in the molecules, nothing quantum about it. But
researchers have been excited about the possibilities of quantum biology
for years, so having disproved the earlier experiments, the authors
wanted to find some new evidence of their own. “We wondered if we might
be able to observe that Schrödinger cat situation,” says co-author
Thomas la Cour Jansen in a press release. And observe it they did! With a
technique called two-dimensional electronic spectroscopy, researchers
saw molecules in simultaneous excited states — quantum weirdness akin to
a cat being alive and dead at the same time. What’s more, the effect
lasted exactly as long as theories predicted it, suggesting this
evidence of quantum biology will last. As the authors succinctly put it,
“Thus, our measurements provide an unambiguous experimental observation
of excited-state vibronic coherence in the FMO complex.” What could be
simpler? The results shed light (haha) on how to harvest energy from
light, and the team thinks they’re “generally applicable” to a variety
of systems, living and non-living alike. This means it could result in
engineering benefits such as better solar panels, energy storage or even
quantum computers. And, of course, updated textbooks for tomorrow’s
lessons on photosynthesis.
quantamagazine | It’s not surprising that quantum physics has a reputation for being
weird and counterintuitive. The world we’re living in sure doesn’t feel
quantum mechanical. And until the 20th century, everyone assumed that
the classical laws of physics devised by Isaac Newton and others —
according to which objects have well-defined positions and properties at
all times — would work at every scale. But Max Planck, Albert Einstein,
Niels Bohr and their contemporaries discovered that down among atoms
and subatomic particles, this concreteness dissolves into a soup of
possibilities. An atom typically can’t be assigned a definite position,
for example — we can merely calculate the probability of finding it in
various places. The vexing question then becomes: How do quantum
probabilities coalesce into the sharp focus of the classical world?
Physicists sometimes talk about this changeover as the
“quantum-classical transition.” But in fact there’s no reason to think
that the large and the small have fundamentally different rules, or that
there’s a sudden switch between them. Over the past several decades,
researchers have achieved a greater understanding of how quantum
mechanics inevitably becomes classical mechanics through an interaction
between a particle or other microscopic system and its surrounding
environment.
One of the most remarkable ideas in this theoretical framework is
that the definite properties of objects that we associate with classical
physics — position and speed, say — are selected from a menu of quantum
possibilities in a process loosely analogous to natural selection in
evolution: The properties that survive are in some sense the “fittest.”
As in natural selection, the survivors are those that make the most
copies of themselves. This means that many independent observers can
make measurements of a quantum system and agree on the outcome — a
hallmark of classical behavior.
This idea, called quantum Darwinism (QD), explains a lot about why we
experience the world the way we do rather than in the peculiar way it
manifests at the scale of atoms and fundamental particles. Although
aspects of the puzzle remain unresolved, QD helps heal the apparent rift
between quantum and classical physics.
Only recently, however, has quantum Darwinism been put to the
experimental test. Three research groups, working independently in
Italy, China and Germany, have looked for the telltale signature of the
natural selection process by which information about a quantum system
gets repeatedly imprinted on various controlled environments. These
tests are rudimentary, and experts say there’s still much more to be
done before we can feel sure that QD provides the right picture of how
our concrete reality condenses from the multiple options that quantum
mechanics offers. Yet so far, the theory checks out.
MIT | Nature has had billions of years to perfect
photosynthesis, which directly or indirectly supports virtually all life
on Earth. In that time, the process has achieved almost 100 percent
efficiency in transporting the energy of sunlight from receptors to
reaction centers where it can be harnessed — a performance vastly better
than even the best solar cells.
One way plants achieve this
efficiency is by making use of the exotic effects of quantum mechanics —
effects sometimes known as “quantum weirdness.” These effects, which
include the ability of a particle to exist in more than one place at a
time, have now been used by engineers at MIT to achieve a significant
efficiency boost in a light-harvesting system.
Surprisingly, the
researchers at MIT and Eni, the Italian energy company, achieved this
new approach to solar energy not with high-tech materials or microchips —
but by using genetically engineered viruses.
This achievement in coupling quantum research and genetic manipulation, described this week in the journal Nature Materials,
was the work of MIT professors Angela Belcher, an expert on engineering
viruses to carry out energy-related tasks, and Seth Lloyd, an expert on
quantum theory and its potential applications; research associate
Heechul Park; and 14 collaborators at MIT, Eni, and Italian
universities.
Lloyd, the Nam Pyo Suh Professor in the Department
of Mechanical Engineering, explains that in photosynthesis, a photon
hits a receptor called a chromophore, which in turn produces an exciton —
a quantum particle of energy. This exciton jumps from one chromophore
to another until it reaches a reaction center, where that energy is
harnessed to build the molecules that support life.
But the
hopping pathway is random and inefficient unless it takes advantage of
quantum effects that allow it, in effect, to take multiple pathways at
once and select the best ones, behaving more like a wave than a
particle.
This efficient movement of excitons has one key requirement: The
chromophores have to be arranged just right, with exactly the right
amount of space between them. This, Lloyd explains, is known as the
“Quantum Goldilocks Effect.”
That’s where the virus comes in. By
engineering a virus that Belcher has worked with for years, the team was
able to get it to bond with multiple synthetic chromophores — or, in
this case, organic dyes. The researchers were then able to produce many
varieties of the virus, with slightly different spacings between those
synthetic chromophores, and select the ones that performed best.
In
the end, they were able to more than double excitons’ speed, increasing
the distance they traveled before dissipating — a significant
improvement in the efficiency of the process.
theguardian |Strange
as it sounds, scientists still do not know the answers to some of the
most basic questions about how life on Earth evolved. Take eyes, for
instance. Where do they come from, exactly? The usual explanation of how
we got these stupendously complex organs rests upon the theory of
natural selection.
You may recall the
gist from school biology lessons. If a creature with poor eyesight
happens to produce offspring with slightly better eyesight, thanks to
random mutations, then that tiny bit more vision gives them more chance
of survival. The longer they survive, the more chance they have to
reproduce and pass on the genes that equipped them with slightly better
eyesight. Some of their offspring might, in turn, have better eyesight
than their parents, making it likelier that they, too, will reproduce.
And so on. Generation by generation, over unfathomably long periods of
time, tiny advantages add up. Eventually, after a few hundred million
years, you have creatures who can see as well as humans, or cats, or
owls.
This
is the basic story of evolution, as recounted in countless textbooks
and pop-science bestsellers. The problem, according to a growing number
of scientists, is that it is absurdly crude and misleading.
For one thing, it starts midway through the story,
taking for granted the existence of light-sensitive cells, lenses and
irises, without explaining where they came from in the first place. Nor
does it adequately explain how such delicate and easily disrupted
components meshed together to form a single organ. And it isn’t just
eyes that the traditional theory struggles with. “The first eye, the
first wing, the first placenta. How they emerge. Explaining these is the
foundational motivation of evolutionary biology,” says Armin Moczek, a
biologist at Indiana University. “And yet, we still do not have a good
answer. This classic idea of gradual change, one happy accident at a
time, has so far fallen flat.”
There
are certain core evolutionary principles that no scientist seriously
questions. Everyone agrees that natural selection plays a role, as does
mutation and random chance. But how exactly these processes interact –
and whether other forces might also be at work – has become the subject
of bitter dispute. “If we cannot explain things with the tools we have
right now,” the Yale University biologist Günter Wagner told me, “we
must find new ways of explaining.”
In 2014, eight scientists took up this challenge, publishing an article
in the leading journal Nature that asked “Does evolutionary theory need
a rethink?” Their answer was: “Yes, urgently.” Each of the authors came
from cutting-edge scientific subfields, from the study of the way
organisms alter their environment in order to reduce the normal pressure
of natural selection – think of beavers building dams – to new research
showing that chemical modifications added to DNA during our lifetimes
can be passed on to our offspring. The authors called for a new
understanding of evolution that could make room for such discoveries.
The name they gave this new framework was rather bland – the Extended
Evolutionary Synthesis (EES) – but their proposals were, to many fellow
scientists, incendiary.
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