ourfiniteworld | We don’t just extract fossil fuels. Instead, whether we intend to or not, we get a lot of other things as well: rising debt, rising pollution, and a more complex economy.
The system acts as if whenever one pump dispenses the energy products
we want, another pump disperses other products we don’t want. Let’s
look at three of the big unwanted “co-products.”
1. Rising debt is an issue because fossil
fuels give us things that would never have been possible, in the absence
of fossil fuels. For example, thanks to fossil fuels, farmers can have
such things as metal plows instead of wooden ones and barbed wire to
separate their property from the property of others. Fossil fuels
provide many more advanced capabilities as well, including tractors,
fertilizer, pesticides, GPS systems to guide tractors, trucks to take
food to market, modern roads, and refrigeration.
The benefits of fossil fuels are immense, but can only be experienced
once fossil fuels are in use. Because of this, we have adapted our debt
system to be a much greater part of the economy than it ever needed to
be, prior to the use of fossil fuels. As the cost of fossil fuel
extraction rises, ever more debt is required to place these fossil fuels
in use. The
Bank for International Settlements tells us
that worldwide, between 2006 and 2014, the amount of oil and gas
company bonds outstanding increased by an average of 15% per year, while
syndicated bank loans to oil and gas companies increased by an average
of 13% per year. Taken together, about $3 trillion of these types of
loans to the oil and gas companies were outstanding at the end of 2014.
As the cost of fossil fuels rises, the cost of everything made using
fossil fuels tends to rise as well. Cars, trucks, and homes become more
expensive to build, especially if they are intended to be energy
efficient. The cost of capital goods purchased by businesses rises as
well, since these too are made with fossil fuels. Needless to say, the
amount of debt to purchase all of these goods rises as well. Part of the
reason for the increased debt is simply because it becomes more
difficult for businesses and individuals to purchase needed goods out of
cash flow.
As long as fossil fuel prices are rising (not just the cost of extraction),
this rising debt doesn’t look like a huge problem. The rising fossil
fuel prices push the general inflation rate higher. But once prices stop
rising, and in fact start falling, the amount of debt outstanding
suddenly seems much more onerous.
2. Rising pollution from fossil fuels is another
issue as we use an increasing amount of fossil fuels. If only a tiny
amount of fossil fuels is used, pollution tends not to be much of an
issue. Air can remain safe for breathing and water can remain safe for
drinking. Increasing CO2 pollution is not a significant issue.
Once we start using increasing amounts, pollution becomes a greater
issue. Partly this is the case because natural sinks reach their
saturation point. Another is the changing nature of technology as we
move to more advanced techniques. Techniques such as deep sea drilling,
hydraulic fracturing, and arctic drilling have pollution risks that less
advanced techniques did not have.
3. A more complex economy is a less obvious
co-product of the increasing use of fossil fuels. In a very simple
economy, there is little need for big government and big business. If
there are businesses, they can be run by a small number of individuals,
with little investment in capital goods. A king, together with a handful
of appointees, can operate the government if it does not provide much
in the way of services such as paved roads, armies, and schools.
International trade is not a huge necessity because workers can provide
nearly all necessary goods and services with local materials.
The use of increasing amounts of fossil fuels changes the situation
materially. Fossil fuels are what allow us to have metals in
quantity–without fossil fuels, we need to cut down forests, use the
trees to make charcoal, and use the charcoal to make small quantities of
metals.
Once fossil fuels are available in quantity, they allow the economy
to make modern capital goods, such as machines, oil drilling equipment,
hydraulic dump trucks, farming equipment, and airplanes. Businesses need
to be much larger to produce and own such equipment. International
trade becomes much more important, because a much broader array of
materials is needed to make and operate these devices. Education becomes
ever more important, as devices become increasingly complex.
Governments become larger, to deal with the additional services they now
need to provide.
Increasing complexity has a downside. If an increasing share of the
output of the economy is funneled into management pay, expenditures for
capital goods, and other expenditures associated with an increasingly
complex economy (including higher taxes, and more dividend and interest
payments), less of the output of the economy is available for “ordinary”
laborers–including those without advanced training or supervisory
responsibilities.
As a result, pay for these workers is likely to fall relative to the
rising cost of living. Some would-be workers may drop out of the labor
force, because the benefits of working are too low compared to other
costs, such as childcare and transportation costs. Ultimately, the low
wages of these workers can be expected to start causing problems for the
economic system as a whole, because these workers can no longer afford
the output of the system. These workers reduce their purchases of houses
and cars, both of which are produced using fossil fuels and other
commodities.
Ultimately, the prices of commodities fall below their cost of
production. This happens because there are so many of these ordinary
laborers, and the lack of good wages for these workers tends to slow the
“demand” side of the economic growth loop. This is the problem that we
are now experiencing. Figure 4 below shows how the system would work, if
increasing complexity were not interfering with economic growth.