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wikipedia | Judaism - In ancient Israel, the Kohen Gadol (High Priest) wore a headdress called the Mitznefet (Hebrew: מצנפת, often translated into English as "mitre"), which was wound around the head so as to form a broad, flat-topped turban. Attached to it was the Tzitz (Hebrew: ציץ), a plate of solid gold bearing the inscription "Holiness to YHWH"[1] (Exodus 39:14, 39:30). Lesser priests wore a smaller, conical turban.
Byzantine empire - The camelaucum (Greek: καμιλαύκιον, kamilaukion), the headdress both the mitre and the Papal tiara stem from, was originally a cap used by officials of the Imperial Byzantine
court. "The tiara [from which the mitre originates] probably developed
from the Phrygian cap, or frigium, a conical cap worn in the
Graeco-Roman world. In the 10th century the tiara was pictured on papal
coins."[2]
Other sources claim the tiara developed the other way around, from the
mitre. In the late Empire it developed into the closed type of Imperial crown used by Byzantine Emperors (see illustration of Michael III, 842-867).
Worn by a bishop, the mitre is depicted for the first time in two
miniatures of the beginning of the eleventh century. The first written
mention of it is found in a Bull of Pope Leo IX
in the year 1049. By 1150 the use had spread to bishops throughout the
West; by the 14th century the tiara was decorated with three crowns.
