constructivism | Context: The journal Constructivist
Foundations celebrates ten years of publishing articles on
constructivist approaches, in particular radical constructivism. Problem: In
order to preserve the sustainability of radical constructivism and
regain its appeal to new generations of researchers, we set up a new
course of action for and with the radical constructivist community to
study its innovative potential. This new avenue is “second-order
science.” Method: We specify two motivations
of second-order science, i.e., the inclusion of the observer, and
self-reflexivity that allows second-order science to operate on the
products of normal or first-order science. Also, we present a short
overview of the contributions that we have collected for this inaugural
issue on second-order science. Results: These
six initial contributions demonstrate the potential of the new set of
approaches to second-order science across several disciplines. Implications: Second-order
science is believed to be a cogent concept in the evolution of science,
leading to a new wave of innovations, novel experiments and a much
closer relationship with current research in the cognitive neurosciences
in particular, and with evolutionary and complexity theories in
general.
wikipedia | One version of social constructivism contends that categories
of knowledge and reality are actively created by social relationships
and interactions. These interactions also alter the way in which
scientific episteme is organized.
Social activity presupposes human beings inhabiting shared forms of life, and in the case of social construction, utilizing semiotic
resources (meaning making and meaning signifying) with reference to
social structures and institutions. Several traditions use the term Social Constructivism: psychology (after Lev Vygotsky), sociology (after Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann, themselves influenced by Alfred Schütz), sociology of knowledge (David Bloor), sociology of mathematics (Sal Restivo), philosophy of mathematics (Paul Ernest). Ludwig Wittgenstein's later philosophy can be seen as a foundation for Social Constructivism, with its key theoretical concepts of language games embedded in forms of life.
Constructivism in philosophy of science
Thomas Kuhn
argued that changes in scientists' views of reality not only contain
subjective elements, but result from group dynamics, "revolutions" in
scientific practice and changes in "paradigms".[3] As an example, Kuhn suggested that the Sun-centric Copernican "revolution"
replaced the Earth-centric views of Ptolemy not because of empirical
failures, but because of a new "paradigm" that exerted control over what
scientists felt to be the more fruitful way to pursue their goals.
"But paradigm debates are not really about relative problem-solving ability, though for good reasons they are usually couched in those terms. Instead, the issue is which paradigm should in future guide research on problems many of which neither competitor can yet claim to resolve completely. [A decision is called for] and in the circumstances that decision must be based less on past achievement than on future promise."
—Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions . p. 157
The view of reality as accessible only through models was called model-dependent realism by Stephen Hawking and Leonard Mlodinow.[4]
While not rejecting the idea of "reality-as-it-is-in-itself",
model-dependent realism suggests that we cannot know
"reality-as-it-is-in-itself", but only an approximation of it provided
by the intermediary of models.[5] These models evolve over time as guided by scientific inspiration and experiment.
In the field of the social sciences, constructivism as an
epistemology urges that researchers reflect upon the paradigms that may
be underpinning their research, and in the light of this that they
become more open to consider other ways of interpreting any results of
the research. Furthermore, the focus is on presenting results as
negotiable constructs rather than as models that aim to "represent"
social realities more or less accurately. Norma Romm in her book
Accountability in Social Research (2001) argues that social researchers
can earn trust from participants and wider audiences insofar as they
adopt this orientation and invite inputs from others regarding their
inquiry practices and the results thereof.
