democracynow | Nick, we haven’t even gotten to the U.S.-Chinese competition over
control in Africa, and so I’d like to ask you to stay after the show.
We’ll do a post-show and post it online at democracynow.org, as you
cover a little-covered story in this country.
AMY GOODMAN: Nick Turse, you have a chapter in your book, Tomorrow’s
Battlefield: U.S. Proxy Wars and Secret Ops in Africa, that is—its
header, "An East-West Showdown: China, America, and a New Cold War in
Africa." Explain.
NICK TURSE: Well, if you travel anywhere on the African continent,
you’ll see that the Chinese have moved in, in a very big way, over the
last decade. They’ve pursued a campaign of economic engagement across
the continent, and very, very public projects. Everywhere you go,
they’re building an airport, they’re building roads, they’re putting up
government facilities—tangible projects that Africans can see. This is
the strategy they’ve pursued to gain influence in Africa. The U.S. has
gone a different route. They’ve pursued an antiterror whack-a-mole
strategy, where they send small teams around the continent, they send
drones. They try to tamp down terror groups and seem to only spread
them around. They’ve also pumped in tremendous amounts of money, but
this is to bolster African militaries with rather dubious human rights
records.
AMY GOODMAN: Give us examples.
NICK TURSE: Well, you know, you can see this in Kenya. They’ve put a
lot of money into training Kenyan force to act as a proxy in Somalia.
But this—one, they haven’t been very successful in tamping down
violence. Actually, it’s spread the violence into Kenya now. And the
Kenyans have been seen by many groups as being exceptionally corrupt,
conducting smuggling around the region, and also—you know, they’ve also
committed human rights abuses. So—and the same thing has been seen
elsewhere in Africa. Chad, we’ve pumped a lot of money into using the
Chadians as proxy forces. But if you look at how Chad’s troops have
operated abroad—you know, we backed Chad to go into Central African
Republic, and they committed a massacre there, machine-gunned a
marketplace filled with civilians.
AMY GOODMAN: And why did the U.S. back them?
NICK TURSE: Well, I think that the U.S. doesn’t want to put large
numbers of its own forces on the ground, because of what’s happened in
Iraq and Afghanistan. They want to fight wars on the cheap. They want
to limit American casualties. But the proxies to choose from in Africa
are troubling.
AMY GOODMAN: You share some startling figures. Since 2007, the U.S. has
operated AFRICOM, the United States Africa Command. U.S. generals have
maintained AFRICOM leaves only a "small footprint" on the continent,
with just an official base in Djibouti. But you say the U.S. military
is now involved in more than 90 percent of Africa’s 54 nations. The
U.S. presence includes, you say, "construction, military exercises,
advisory assignments, security cooperation, or training missions." But
AFRICOM, you write, carried out 674 missions across the African
continent last year—an average of nearly two a day, a 300 percent jump
from previous years. Can you explain why these operations have expanded
exponentially under President Obama?
NICK TURSE: Well, you know, I think Africa has been seen as a place of
ungoverned spaces, a place that’s prone to terror. It’s ironic because
when a senior Pentagon official was asked after 9/11 about the presence
of transnational terror groups on the continent, he wasn’t able to come
up with any. The best he could come up with was that militants in
Somalia had saluted Osama bin Laden. That was the extent of it. They
hadn’t actually attacked anywhere outside of Somalia. They had local
grievances, and they were contained. But the U.S. got into its head
that Africa was a place that could be a heartland for terrorism, so it
pumped in a tremendous amount of money, sent in forces, conducted all
these training operations, set up small bases around the continent—all
of it to shore up the continent against terror. Instead, you look
anywhere on the continent today, and you see a proliferation of terror
groups—ISIS, Boko Haram, al-Shabab, al-Mourabitoun, Ansaru, over and
over. The Pentagon won’t name all the groups that it sees as threats,
but it’s somewhere around 50 that it claims are groups on the continent
that are opposed to U.S. interests. They’ve just proliferated in all—in
these years.