NYTimes | George
Santos, whose election to Congress on Long Island last month helped
Republicans clinch a narrow majority in the House of Representatives,
built his candidacy on the notion that he was the “full embodiment of
the American dream” and was running to safeguard it for others.
His
campaign biography amplified his storybook journey: He is the son of
Brazilian immigrants, and the first openly gay Republican to win a House
seat as a non-incumbent. By his account, he catapulted himself from a
New York City public college to become a “seasoned Wall Street financier
and investor” with a family-owned real estate portfolio of 13
properties and an animal rescue charity that saved more than 2,500 dogs
and cats.
But a New York Times review
of public documents and court filings from the United States and Brazil,
as well as various attempts to verify claims that Mr. Santos, 34, made
on the campaign trail, calls into question key parts of the résumé that
he sold to voters.
Citigroup and
Goldman Sachs, the marquee Wall Street firms on Mr. Santos’s campaign
biography, told The Times they had no record of his ever working there.
Officials at Baruch College, which Mr. Santos has said he graduated from
in 2010, could find no record of anyone matching his name and date of
birth graduating that year.
There
was also little evidence that his animal rescue group, Friends of Pets
United, was, as Mr. Santos claimed, a tax-exempt organization: The
Internal Revenue Service could locate no record of a registered charity
with that name.
His financial
disclosure forms suggest a life of some wealth. He lent his campaign
more than $700,000 during the midterm election, has donated thousands of
dollars to other candidates in the last two years and reported a
$750,000 salary and over $1 million in dividends from his company, the
Devolder Organization.
Yet the firm, which has no public website or LinkedIn page, is something of a mystery. On a campaign website, Mr. Santos once described Devolder as
his “family’s firm” that managed $80 million in assets. On his
congressional financial disclosure, he described it as a capital
introduction consulting company, a type of boutique firm that serves as a
liaison between investment funds and deep-pocketed investors. But Mr.
Santos’s disclosures did not reveal any clients, an omission three
election law experts said could be problematic if such clients exist.
And
while Mr. Santos has described a family fortune in real estate, he has
not disclosed, nor could The Times find, records of his properties.
yahoo |Whoopi Goldberg is talking again about whether the Holocaust, which involved the murder of 6 million Jewish people, was racially motivated.
In a new interview with The Sunday Times of London, shared during Hanukkah, Goldberg suggested Jews are divided about whether they are a race, religion or both.
"My
best friend said, ‘Not for nothing is there no box on the census for
the Jewish race. So that leads me to believe that we’re probably not a
race,’ " she recalled.
When The Times journalist Janice Turner mentioned racially divisive laws set by Nazis aimed at Jews, "The View" cohost insisted that the Holocaust "wasn't originally" about "racial" or "physical" attributes.
"They were killing people they considered to be mentally defective. And then they made this decision," she said.
Goldberg's new comments echo remarks she made about the Holocaust on "The View," which led to a suspension in February.
ABC
News president Kim Godwin said that Goldberg would be suspended from
"The View" for two weeks effective immediately for "her wrong and
hurtful comments," in a statement shared with USA TODAY on Feb. 2.
“While
Whoopi has apologized, I’ve asked her to take time to reflect and learn
about the impact of her comments," Godwin added. "The entire ABC News
organization stands in solidarity with our Jewish colleagues, friends,
family and communities."
Goldberg posted a now-deletedstatement expressing her "sincerest apologies"
on Twitter on Jan. 31, after the episode aired, also echoing a
statement from Anti-Defamation League CEO Jonathan Greenblatt who wrote
that the Holocaust "was about the Nazi’s systematic annihilation of the
Jewish people – who they deemed to be an inferior race."
"On
today's show, I said the Holocaust 'is not about race, but about man's
inhumanity to man.' I should have said it is about both," she wrote. "I
stand corrected. The Jewish people around the world have always had my
support and that will never waiver. I'm sorry for the hurt I have
caused."
On the show the following day, she addressed the controversy again, saying she "misspoke."
undark | The web woven by Wickliffe Draper in the 20th century, when he could
count on august leaders of scientific institutions to support his
segregationist and eugenicist causes, is far less distinguished today.
But it hasn’t been wiped out completely. Stealthy back-scratching
continues among The Mankind Quarterly contributors with scant academic
credentials and those in mainstream academia and publishing.
In early 2018, I reported
for The Guardian newspaper in the U.K. that there were at least two
individuals sitting on the editorial board of the Elsevier journal
Intelligence who failed to meet the publisher’s own professional
benchmarks. One of them was editor for The Mankind Quarterly, Gerhard
Meisenberg. The other was Richard Lynn, then assistant editor of The
Mankind Quarterly, and the president of Draper’s Pioneer Fund. Lynn was
an emeritus professor of psychology at Ulster University in Northern
Ireland, but a few months into 2018 that title would be withdrawn,
following a motion by its student union that his views were “racist and
sexist in nature.” (Since 2015, The Mankind Quarterly has been published by the Ulster Institute for Social Research, a think tank headed by Lynn.)
At
the time, Haier, the editor of Intelligence, defended Lynn and
Meisenberg. “I have read some quotes, indirect quotes, that disturb me,”
he told me, “but throwing people off an editorial board for expressing
an opinion really kind of puts us in a dicey area.” Yet, by the end of
2018 — after the piece in The Guardian was published — the journal’s
editorial board went through a dramatic reshuffle and Lynn and
Meisenberg were both gone.
A spokesperson for Elsevier
told Undark that it is policy “to rotate Editorial Board members from
time to time” and that “Elsevier’s journals operate under the guidance
of an Editor-in-Chief and an Editorial Board. Editors-in-Chief are
established researchers with a broad interest in their field and are
well connected and respected in their subject community.”
Publishing
is one side of the research coin. The other is funding. And following a
temporary hiatus, Wickliffe Draper’s Pioneer Fund is still in business.
In 2013, following the death of its president Jean-Philippe Rushton,
only a small fraction of the fund’s assets remained. By 2020, though,
they had risen again to almost $300,000 — suggesting that money was
coming in from somewhere.
The Pioneer Fund’s U.S. tax records show
that its most recent grant was given in 2019, totalling $15,000 to
support an organization known as the Human Phenome Diversity Foundation,
based in Ohio. This foundation’s president was listed as Bryan Pesta,
then a tenured business professor at Cleveland State University in Ohio.
In 2016, Pesta published a paper
in which he predicted that as the IQ level required to do a job
increases, “the percent of White and Asian workers will increase, while
the percent of Black workers will decrease.” This was published in Open
Differential Psychology, an open-access online journal edited by a
right-wing blogger with no known reputable academic affiliations, who is
— like Pesta — a contributor to The Mankind Quarterly.
In 2020, Pesta also published research
in Intelligence on racial and ethnic group differences in the
heritability of intelligence. Roughly a year later, the University of
Virginia psychologists Evan Giangrande and Eric Turkheimer responded,
stating that the work of Pesta and his colleagues in this paper served
“as an example of how racially motivated and poorly executed work can
find its way into a mainstream scientific journal, underscoring the
importance of robust peer review and rigorous editorial judgment.”
In
2021, Pesta worked on another paper, this time trying to look for
correlations between race and behavioral traits using data from the
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development database, a long-term study of
brain development in American children supported by the National
Institutes of Health. The paper analyzed the DNA of almost 10,000 of the
children in the study to calculate the percentage of five broad
population groups each one might statistically belong to, in a similar
way to modern-day genetic ancestry tests. Children were labelled as 10
percent or less African, for example, or 90 percent or less European.
The goal was to see if differences in rates of depression, educational
attainment, and other factors could be linked proportionately to a
child’s race.
In 2021, after losing all respectable academic affiliations, Lynn went on to co-author a paper
in another Elsevier journal, Personality and Individual Differences,
comparing the processing speeds of people in the United States and
Taiwan. He made the unverified claim that part of any gap could be
attributed to genetic differences between population groups. Lynn sat on
the editorial advisory board of Personality and Individual Differences
as recently as 2018. The journal’s editor published a review of his memoirs in 2021.
wikipedia |Salvatore Cezar Pais is an American aerospace engineer and inventor, currently working for the United States Space Force. He formerly worked at the Naval Air Station Patuxent River.
His patent applications on behalf of his employers have attracted
international attention for their potential military and
energy-producing applications, but also doubt about their feasibility,
and speculation that they may be misinformation intended to mislead the United States' adversaries or a scam.[1]
Pais received his PhD in mechanical and aerospace engineering
from Case Western in 1999 on the subject of "Bubble generation under
reduced gravity conditions for both co-flow and cross-flow
configurations" for which he endured a number of parabolic flights in order to produce a low-gravity environment.[3] His doctoral advisers were Yasuhiro Kamotani and Simon Ostrach who had carried out spacelab experiments in low-gravity aboard the space shuttle STS-50 in 1992.[4] Pais's research was sponsored by NASA.[5]
Pais works as a scientist, aerospace engineer, and inventor, at the
United States Navy's Naval Air Station Patuxent River. His patent
applications on behalf of his employers have attracted international
attention for their futuristic-sounding technology and potential
military and energy-producing applications, but have also led to
speculation that they may be misinformation intended to mislead the
United States' strategic adversaries about the direction of United
States defense research.[1]
Pais left the NAWCAD in June 2019 and moved to the US Navy's Strategic Systems Programs organization. He transferred to the U.S. Air Force in 2021.[8]
A "plasma compression fusion device" (2018),[7][12][13] described by Popular Mechanics as a "compact nuclear fusion reactor" that "seemingly stretch[es] the limits of science."[14]
An "electromagnetic field
generator and method to generate an electromagnetic field" (2015), the
principal stated application of which is to deflect asteroids that may
hit the Earth. The patent is assigned to the US Secretary of the Navy.[15]
A "craft using an inertial mass
reduction device" (2016), one embodiment of which could be a high speed
"hybrid aerospace/undersea craft" able to "engineer the fabric of our
reality at the most fundamental level",[6]
the patent application for which was supported by the Naval Aviation
Enterprise's chief technical officer on the grounds that the Chinese
military were already developing similar technology.[1]
A "high frequency gravitational wave
generator" that may be used "for advanced propulsion, asteroid
disruption and/or deflection, and communications through solid
objects."(2017).[16]
Testing on the feasibility of a High Energy Electromagnetic Field
Generator (HEEMFG) occurred from October 2016 to September 2019; at a
total cost of $508,000 over three years. The vast majority of
expenditure was on salaries. The "Pais Effect" could not be proven and
no further research was conducted.[8] Brett Tingley wrote for The Drive
that "Despite every physicist we have spoken to over the better part of
two years asserting that the "Pais Effect" has no scientific basis in
reality and the patents related to it were filled with pseudo-scientific
jargon, NAWCAD confirmed they were interested enough in the patents to
spend more than a half-million dollars over three years developing
experiments and equipment to test Pais' theories".[8] Pais remained defiant regarding the veracity of his theories, in an email to The Drive
he wrote that his work "culminates in the enablement of the Pais
Effect...as far as the doubting SMEs [Subject Matter Experts] are
concerned, my work shall be proven correct one fine day...".[8]
wikipedia | The causes of the Casimir effect are described by quantum field theory, which states that all of the various fundamental fields, such as the electromagnetic field,
must be quantized at each and every point in space. In a simplified
view, a "field" in physics may be envisioned as if space were filled
with interconnected vibrating balls and springs, and the strength of the
field can be visualized as the displacement of a ball from its rest
position. Vibrations in this field propagate and are governed by the
appropriate wave equation
for the particular field in question. The second quantization of
quantum field theory requires that each such ball-spring combination be
quantized, that is, that the strength of the field be quantized at each
point in space. At the most basic level, the field at each point in
space is a simple harmonic oscillator, and its quantization places a quantum harmonic oscillator at each point. Excitations of the field correspond to the elementary particles of particle physics.
However, even the vacuum has a vastly complex structure, so all
calculations of quantum field theory must be made in relation to this
model of the vacuum.
The vacuum has, implicitly, all of the properties that a particle may have: spin,[18] or polarization in the case of light, energy,
and so on. On average, most of these properties cancel out: the vacuum
is, after all, "empty" in this sense. One important exception is the vacuum energy or the vacuum expectation value
of the energy. The quantization of a simple harmonic oscillator states
that the lowest possible energy or zero-point energy that such an
oscillator may have is
Summing over all possible oscillators at all points in space gives an infinite quantity. Since only differences in energy are physically measurable (with the notable exception of gravitation, which remains beyond the scope of quantum field theory),
this infinity may be considered a feature of the mathematics rather
than of the physics. This argument is the underpinning of the theory of renormalization. Dealing with infinite quantities in this way was a cause of widespread unease among quantum field theorists before the development in the 1970s of the renormalization group, a mathematical formalism for scale transformations that provides a natural basis for the process.
When the scope of the physics is widened to include gravity, the
interpretation of this formally infinite quantity remains problematic.
There is currently no compelling explanation as to why it should not result in a cosmological constant that is many orders of magnitude larger than observed.[19] However, since we do not yet have any fully coherent quantum theory of gravity,
there is likewise no compelling reason as to why it should instead
actually result in the value of the cosmological constant that we
observe.[20]
Alternatively, a 2005 paper by Robert Jaffe
of MIT states that "Casimir effects can be formulated and Casimir
forces can be computed without reference to zero-point energies. They
are relativistic, quantum forces between charges and currents. The
Casimir force (per unit area) between parallel plates vanishes as alpha,
the fine structure constant, goes to zero, and the standard result,
which appears to be independent of alpha, corresponds to the alpha
approaching infinity limit", and that "The Casimir force is simply the
(relativistic, retarded) van der Waals force between the metal plates."[16]
Casimir and Polder's original paper used this method to derive the
Casimir–Polder force. In 1978, Schwinger, DeRadd, and Milton published a
similar derivation for the Casimir effect between two parallel plates.[21] More recently, Nikolic proved from first principles of quantum electrodynamics that Casimir force does not originate from vacuum energy of electromagnetic field,[22] and explained in simple terms why the fundamental microscopic origin of Casimir force lies in van der Waals forces.[23]
Following the United States' involvement in the 1982 Lebanon War, a vengeful al-Assad made an alliance with Ruhollah Khomeini of Iran. They planned to force the US out of the Middle East by encouraging civilians to carry out suicide bombings on American targets in the region, thereby avoiding reprisals. In February 1984, the US withdrew all its troops from Lebanon because, in the words of then-US Secretary of State George P. Shultz, "we became paralysed by the complexity that we faced".
Altered States
By the mid-1980s, banks and corporations were connecting through computer networks to create a hidden system of power, and technological utopians whose roots lay in the counterculture of the 1960s also saw the internet as an opportunity to make an alternative world that was free of political and legal restraints.
Acid Flashback
John Perry Barlow's vision of cyberspace as the 1990s equivalent of the Acid Tests. Barlow had been part of the LSD (also known as "acid") counterculture in the 1960s and founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation. He wrote a manifesto called A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.
Addressed to politicians, it declared "the global social space we are
building to be naturally independent of the tyrannies you seek to impose
upon us". Two computer hackers—Phiber Optik and Acid Phreak—knew
that in reality corporations were using the internet to exert more
control over the lives of people than governments had done in the past,
and they demonstrated that hierarchies did exist online by obtaining
Barlow's credit record from TRW Inc. and posting it on the internet.
The Colonel
This chapter describes the Reagan administration using Muammar Gaddafi as a pawn in their public relations (PR) strategy of creating a simplified, morally unambiguous foreign policy by blaming him for the 1985 Rome and Vienna airport attacks and the 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing
that killed US soldiers, both of which European security services
attributed to Syrian intelligence agencies. Gaddafi is described as
playing along for the sake of increasing his profile in the Arab world as a revolutionary. The 1986 United States bombing of Libya,
10 days after the disco bombing, is described as an operation carried
out mainly for PR reasons, because attacking Syria would have been too
risky.
This chapter begins with a montage of unidentified flying object
(UFO) sightings recorded by members of the public in the United States.
It argues that the phenomenon surrounding UFOs in the 1990s was born
out of a counter-intelligence
operation designed to make the public believe that secret airborne
high-technology weapons systems tested by the US military during and
after the Cold War were alien visitations. Top secret memos forged by the United States Air Force Office of Special Investigations were allegedly leaked to ufologists who spread the manufactured conspiracy theory of a government cover-up to the wider public. The method, called perception management,
aimed to distract people from the complexities of the real world.
American politics are described as having become increasingly detached
from reality. Curtis uses the collapse of the Soviet Union at the end of the 1980s as an example of an event that took the West by surprise because reality had become less and less important. A Jane Fondaworkout video is shown to illustrate that socialists
had given up trying to change the real world and were instead focusing
on the self and encouraging others to do the same. The video is intercut
with footage of Nicolae Ceaușescu and his wife, Elena, being executed by firing squad and buried following the Romanian Revolution in 1989.
Managed Outcomes
Ulrich Beck
is identified as a left-wing German political theorist. After the
collapse of the Soviet Union, he saw the world as too complex to change,
and Beck asserted that politicians should merely keep the West stable
by predicting and avoiding risks. Curtis looks at Aladdin,
a computer that manages about 7% of the world's financial assets,
analysing the past to anticipate what may happen in the future; and how anti-depressant drugs and social media both stabilise the emotions of individuals.
A Cautionary Tale
The
start of this chapter is about the flaws of trying to predict the
future by using data from the past. Curtis tells the story of how a card counter was recruited by Donald Trump to analyse the gambling habits of Akio Kashiwagi at his casino, the Trump Taj Mahal in Atlantic City,
after Trump had lost millions of dollars to Kashiwagi. In an effort to
avert the impending bankruptcy of the casino, a model was devised that
predicted a way of recouping the money from Kashiwagi, who lost
US$10 million. However, before he could pay, he was killed by yakuza gangsters and the casino went bankrupt, with Trump having to sell many of his assets to the banks.
Attention turns back to the Middle East and the Lockerbie Bombing
in 1988. Curtis says that immediately after the bombing, journalists
and investigators blamed Syria for carrying out the attack on behalf of
Iran in revenge for the shooting down of Iran Air Flight 655 by the United States Navy.[a]
It was generally accepted as true until US security agencies announced
that Libya was behind the attack. Some journalists and politicians
believed that the West had made the volte-face to appease Syria's leader, who the US and the United Kingdom required as an ally in the coming Gulf War.
He focuses on the spread of suicide bombing tactics from Shia to Sunni Islam and the targeting of civilians in Israel by Hamas during the 1990s. The resulting political paralysis led to a stalling of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. It is described as an unintended consequence of Israel's response to the 1992 killing of an Israeli border guard.
A montage is shown of clips from pre-9/11 disaster films in which New York City landmarks are variously destroyed by alien invaders, meteorites, and a tsunami.
Curtis argues that such films were characteristic of a mood of
uncertainty that pervaded the United States at the end of the
20th century.
Curtis shows how Muammar Gaddafi was turned into the West's "new best friend."
A World Without Power
The effect of the Iraq war wreaks havoc on the American psyche and people retreat into cyberspace. Judea Pearl creates Bayesian networks that mimic human behaviour. Judea's son, Daniel Pearl is the first American to be beheaded on a video uploaded to YouTube.
Meanwhile, social media algorithms show information that is
pleasing to their users and hence does nothing to challenge their
beliefs. Despite this, Occupy Wall Street
emerges in an attempt to disrupt the system by imitating the leaderless
system that the internet was once imagined to become. Using a similar
method, the Egyptian revolution of 2011 commenced.
Britain, France and the US turn their backs on Muammar Gaddafi
once Libyans rise up against him. The US drops bombs using drones, and
then footage is shown of Gaddafi being captured by rebels.
Neither Occupy Wall Street nor the Arab Spring turn out very well for the revolutionaries.
In Russia, Vladimir Putin and his cabinet of political technologists create mass confusion. Vladislav Surkov
uses ideas from art to turn Russian politics into a bewildering piece
of theatre. Donald Trump used the same techniques in his presidential
campaign by using language from Occupy Wall Street. Curtis asserts that
Trump "defeated journalism" by rendering its fact-checking abilities
irrelevant.
The American Left's attempt to resist Trump on the internet had
no effect. In fact, they were just feeding the social media corporations
who valued their many additional clicks.
Syria's revolution becomes more vicious and violent. The technique of suicide bombing that Curtis argues Hafez al-Assad
introduced in order to unite the Middle East has instead torn it apart.
Russia uses Surkov's concept of "non-linear warfare" to fight against
the Syrian rebels. Russia claims to leave Syria, but doesn't.
Abu Musab al-Suri in Syria suggests that terrorists should not carry out large-scale attacks such as Osama Bin Laden's,
but instead carry out "random" small-scale attacks throughout the West
to create fear and chaos, against which it would be more difficult to
retaliate.
Destabilisation of the West's psyche leads to the vote for Brexit and the popularity of Donald Trump.
Heaviside's vector calculus, also known as vector analysis, was developed in the late 19th century as a way to simplify and unify the mathematical treatment of physical phenomena involving vectors, such as those described by James Clerk Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism. At the time, Maxwell's equations were typically expressed using quaternions, which are a type of mathematical notation that involves four complex numbers. The quaternion algebra, developed by James Clerk Maxwell and William Rowan Hamilton, was a more complex mathematical system that had been used to describe physical phenomena, but it was eventually replaced by vector calculus due to its relative simplicity and ease of use.
Quaternions involved complex numbers and required the use of four dimensions, which made them more difficult to work with and interpret. In contrast, vector calculus used a more familiar three-dimensional coordinate system and involved only familiar algebraic operations. Quaternions were found to be somewhat difficult to work with and interpret, especially for those who were not familiar with the notation.
In contrast, vector calculus provided a more intuitive and familiar way to represent and manipulate vectors, using familiar concepts such as magnitude and direction. As a result, vector calculus quickly gained widespread adoption and eventually replaced quaternions as the preferred method for expressing and solving problems involving vectors in physics and engineering. Heaviside's vector notation, which uses arrow notation to represent vectors and dot notation to represent scalars, is much easier to use and understand than quaternions, which are a type of mathematical notation that uses four-dimensional complex numbers.
While quaternions were primarily used in the study of electromagnetism, vector calculus could be used to represent any type of vector quantity, including displacement, velocity, acceleration, and force. This made it a more widely applicable tool for solving problems in many different fields of science and engineering.
In this video, we're looking at how there are two sides to every Maxwell, equation, and therefore there are two ways of understanding each of Maxwell's equations.
Maxwell's equations of electromagnetism fall under the umbrella of classical physics, [NO THEY DO NOT!!!!] and describe how electric and magnetic fields are allowed to behave within our universe (assuming the equations are correct of course). Electric and magnetic fields show how electrically charged, and magnetic objects respectively, exert forces on each other.
Each of Maxwell's equations is a differential equation that can be written in one of two forms - the differential form, and the integral form. In this video, we look at two of these equations, and how each of them has two variations. We begin by studying the first Maxwell equation, which says (in the differential form) that the divergence of any magnetic field is always equal to zero.
The physical interpretation of the above statement is that if we consider any closed volume of space, the net magnetic field passing either in or out of the region must always be zero. We can never have a scenario where more magnetic field enters or leaves any closed region of space. The divergence of the magnetic field simply measures how much field is entering or leaving the volume overall. And this must be equal to zero.
Conversely, this same equation can be written in integral from (i.e. from a slightly different perspective). The integral equation says that the integral of B.dS is equal to zero. B is once again the magnetic field, and dS is a small element of the surface surrounding the volume discussed above. This method breaks up the outer surface covering the volume into very small pieces, counts the amount of magnetic field passing the surface element, and then adds up the contributions from all the elements making up the surface. This addition of contributions is given by the surface integral over the closed surface. In other words, the integral form of this Maxwell equation states the same thing as the differential form but looks at it from a slightly different perspective. Note: the integral must be a closed integral i.e. there should be no holes or breaks in the surface.
We also see a similar sort of thing with the second Maxwell equation, which looks at the behavior of electric fields. The differential form states that the divergence of the electric field is equal to a charge density divided by epsilon nought, the permittivity of free space. This therefore says that for any closed volume, the net amount of field entering or leaving the volume is directly related to the density of charge enclosed within the volume. Therefore if the net charge in the volume is zero, then the net field entering or leaving it is also zero. If the net charge is positive, the divergence is greater than zero, and if the net charge is negative, the divergence is less than zero.
The integral equation states that the sum of the electric field contributions to each of the small elements making up the area surrounding the volume is equal to the total charge enclosed within the surface, divided by epsilon nought. So once again this is looking at the same scenario from a slightly different perspective.
Each Maxwell equation has these two ways of writing it, and one can easily convert from the differential form to the integral form if one knows differential calculus. It is generally simple to move between these forms, and we can use whichever one is mathematically most convenient to us at any given time.
Maxwell's equations describe the behavior of electromagnetic fields and the way in which they interact with matter. These equations do not directly specify the types of electromagnetic waves that can be propagated, but they do provide the underlying principles that govern the behavior of electromagnetic waves.
According to Maxwell's equations, electromagnetic waves can propagate through a medium or through free space. In both cases, the waves can be transverse, meaning that the electric and magnetic field components are perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Transverse electromagnetic waves are often referred to as "TEM waves."
However, it is also possible for electromagnetic waves to propagate in a longitudinal direction, meaning that the electric and magnetic field components are parallel to the direction of propagation. Longitudinal electromagnetic waves are often referred to as "LEM waves."
In general, LEM waves are not as common as TEM waves, and they tend to be less well understood. However, they can still be generated and studied in certain circumstances, such as when an intense electromagnetic field is applied to a plasma or when charged particles are accelerated in a beam.
So, to answer your question, yes, Maxwell's equations do allow for the propagation of longitudinal electromagnetic waves, although they are not as common or well understood as transverse electromagnetic waves.
Maxwell's equations describe the behavior of electromagnetic fields and the way they propagate through space. These equations can be used to predict the behavior of both transverse electromagnetic (TEM) waves, which have electric and magnetic fields that are perpendicular to the direction of propagation, and longitudinal electromagnetic (LEM) waves, which have electric and magnetic fields that are parallel to the direction of propagation.
In general, Maxwell's equations are valid for any type of electromagnetic wave, including LEM waves. However, LEM waves are not commonly observed in nature and are not typically discussed in the context of Maxwell's equations. This is because LEM waves are generally not stable and tend to rapidly dissipate or transform into TEM waves.
There are some specialized situations in which LEM waves may be observed, such as in plasma physics or in certain types of metamaterials. In these cases, Maxwell's equations can be used to understand the behavior of LEM waves and to predict their properties.
wikipedia |Oliver HeavisideFRS[1] (/ˈhɛvisaɪd/; 18 May 1850 – 3 February 1925) was an English self-taughtmathematician and physicist who invented a new technique for solving differential equations (equivalent to the Laplace transform), independently developed vector calculus, and rewrote Maxwell's equations
in the form commonly used today. He significantly shaped the way
Maxwell's equations are understood and applied in the decades following
Maxwell's death. His formulation of the telegrapher's equations
became commercially important during his own lifetime, after their
significance went unremarked for a long while, as few others were versed
at the time in his novel methodology.[2]
Although at odds with the scientific establishment for most of his
life, Heaviside changed the face of telecommunications, mathematics, and
science.[2]
Heaviside's uncle by marriage was Sir Charles Wheatstone
(1802–1875), an internationally celebrated expert in telegraphy and
electromagnetism, and the original co-inventor of the first commercially
successful telegraph in the mid-1830s. Wheatstone took a strong
interest in his nephew's education[5]
and in 1867 sent him north to work with his older brother Arthur
Wheatstone, who was managing one of Charles' telegraph companies in Newcastle-upon-Tyne.[4]: 53
Two years later he took a job as a telegraph operator with the Danish Great Northern Telegraph Company laying a cable from Newcastle to Denmark
using British contractors. He soon became an electrician. Heaviside
continued to study while working, and by the age of 22 he published an
article in the prestigious Philosophical Magazine on 'The Best Arrangement of Wheatstone's Bridge for measuring a Given Resistance with a Given Galvanometer and Battery'[6] which received positive comments from physicists who had unsuccessfully tried to solve this algebraic problem, including Sir William Thomson, to whom he gave a copy of the paper, and James Clerk Maxwell. When he published an article on the duplex method of using a telegraph cable,[7] he poked fun at R. S. Culley, the engineer in chief of the Post Office telegraph system, who had been dismissing duplex as impractical. Later in 1873 his application to join the Society of Telegraph Engineers
was turned down with the comment that "they didn't want telegraph
clerks". This riled Heaviside, who asked Thomson to sponsor him, and
along with support of the society's president he was admitted "despite
the P.O. snobs".[4]: 60
In 1873 Heaviside had encountered Maxwell's newly published, and later famous, two-volume Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. In his old age Heaviside recalled:
I remember my first look at the great treatise of Maxwell's when I
was a young man... I saw that it was great, greater and greatest, with
prodigious possibilities in its power... I was determined to master the
book and set to work. I was very ignorant. I had no knowledge of
mathematical analysis (having learned only school algebra and
trigonometry which I had largely forgotten) and thus my work was laid
out for me. It took me several years before I could understand as much
as I possibly could. Then I set Maxwell aside and followed my own
course. And I progressed much more quickly... It will be understood that
I preach the gospel according to my interpretation of Maxwell.[8]
Undertaking research from home, he helped develop transmission line theory (also known as the "telegrapher's equations"). Heaviside showed mathematically that uniformly distributed inductance in a telegraph line would diminish both attenuation and distortion, and that, if the inductance were great enough and the insulationresistance not too high, the circuit would be distortionless in that currents of all frequencies would have equal speeds of propagation.[9] Heaviside's equations helped further the implementation of the telegraph.
James Clerk Maxwell's original 20 equations are a set of equations that describe the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, and how they interact with matter. These equations are considered to be some of the most important and fundamental equations in physics, and they form the foundation of classical electromagnetism. Original Maxwell equations were written using quaternions and potentials. Quaternions combine vector and scalar part. Electric and magnetic fields were defined as difference in potential. There were two kinds of potentials - electric and magnetic. Today's "Maxwell's" equations are actually Heaviside equations, which are limited edition of the original electromagnetic theory.
The 20 equations are:
Gauss's Law for Electric Fields Gauss's Law for Magnetic Fields Faraday's Law of Electromagnetic Induction Ampere's Law The Biot-Savart Law The Lorentz Force Law The Electric Field Intensity Equation The Magnetic Field Intensity Equation The Electric Flux Density Equation The Magnetic Flux Density Equation The Electric Displacement Field Equation The Magnetic Vector Potential Equation The Electric Scalar Potential Equation The Magnetic Scalar Potential Equation The Electric Charge Density Equation The Electric Current Density Equation The Continuity Equation for Electric Charge The Continuity Equation for Electric Current The Lorentz Transformations The Wave Equation for Electromagnetic Waves
These equations describe a wide range of phenomena, including the behavior of electric and magnetic fields, the forces acting on charged particles in those fields, the generation and transmission of electromagnetic waves, and the relationship between electric and magnetic fields and the charges and currents that produce them. They are used in many areas of physics, including electromagnetism, electrical engineering, and particle physics, and have had a wide-ranging impact on our understanding of the physical world.
antiwar | More than half of House Republicans didn’t attend Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky’s Wednesday night address to Congress, The Hill reported on Thursday.
How many Members of Congress refused to attend tonight's speech because they do not support Zelenskyy's Ukraine? Important to know this and why.
According to The Hill, 86 out of 213 House Republicans were
at the Capitol for Zelensky’s speech. While some of the absences could
be explained by lawmakers getting an early start on Christmas travel, as
about a third of House members had active letters to vote by proxy on
Wednesday, there is growing opposition to the policy of arming Ukraine
among Republicans.
Ahead of Zelensky’s address, Rep. Thomas Massie (R-KY) wrote on
Twitter that he would not be attending the speech of a “Ukrainian
lobbyist.” Some Republicans that attended the address were spotted
sitting during moments when the rest of Congress was giving Zelensky a
standing ovation, including Reps. Matt Gaetz (R-FL) and Lauren Boebert
(R-CO).
For any Members of Congress who refused to clap for Zelenskyy, we need to know from them exactly why.
After the speech, Boebert said in a video posted on Twitter
that she wouldn’t support “sending additional money to this war” until
“Congress receives a full audit of where our money has already gone.”
Gaetz released a statement
that said Zelensky “should be commended for putting his country first,
but American politicians who indulge his requests are unwilling to do
the same for ours.” Gaetz said the speech did not change his stance on
“suspending” aid to Ukraine.
Rep. Warren Davidson (R-OH), who attended the address, said the
speech sent the wrong message. “We should be focused on trying to
contain the war, not expand the war. And this kind of sends the message
we’re kind of OK with expanding the war. And I think we should be
sending a different message,” he said.
Massie, Boebert, Gaetz, Davidson, and 53 other House Republicans all voted against
the $40 billion Ukraine aid bill that was passed back in May. Since
then, new aid for Ukraine has been rolled into other massive spending
bills, including the new $45 billion that was packed into the $1.7
trillion omnibus bill the Senate passed on Thursday.
While there is some dissent among Republicans, the majority of GOP
members in Congress still support arming Ukraine, and Republican
leadership is extremely hawkish on the issue. Rep. Michael McCaul, who
is expected to lead the House Foreign Affairs Committee next year, has
criticized President Biden for not sending Ukraine more advanced and longer-range weapons.
dailycaller | The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) issued a new statement Wednesday following the latest “Twitter Files” dump.
The FBI accused the “Twitter Files” release as an attempt “to discredit” the agency by disclosing information
on the FBI’s correspondence with Twitter in October 2020. Journalist
Matt Taibbi revealed that the agency warned the previous executives at
Twitter of a “hack-and-leak” by “state actors” surrounding the story of
Hunter Biden’s laptop to influence the 2020 presidential election.
“The
correspondence between the FBI and Twitter show nothing more than
examples of our traditional, longstanding and ongoing federal government
and private sector engagements, which involve numerous companies over
multiple sectors and industries. As evidenced in the correspondence, the
FBI provides critical information to the private sector in an effort to
allow them to protect themselves and their customers. The men and women
of the FBI work every day to protect the American public,” the
statement began.
“It is unfortunate that conspiracy theorists and others are feeding
the American public misinformation with the sole purpose of attempting
to discredit the agency,” the agency concluded.
The
“Twitter Files” revealed that the FBI and Twitter worked closely in the
lead up to the 2020 presidential election. Internal documents published
Monday found that the FBI paid Twitter nearly $3.5 million between
October 2019 and February 2021 for managing its financial burdens caused
while complying with the agency’s requests. (RELATED: Twitter Gave ‘Special Protection’ To Pentagon Propaganda Accounts, Docs Show)
Taibbi
reported he found no evidence that the FBI had involvement in Twitter’s
suppression of the New York Post’s report on Hunter Biden’s laptop,
though new reports released by author Michael Shellenberger indicated
they may have, in fact, been involved.
Former FBI Deputy General
Counsel James Baker argued Twitter’s then-head of trust and safety Yoel
Roth’s claim that the Post’s report did not violate the social media
site’s policies on October 14, according
to Shellenberger. The agency had already been in possession of Biden’s
laptop since December 2019, indicating that the agency knew the Post
reported the story accurately.
Musk announced Dec. 6 that he fired Baker for allegedly withholding the release of documents related to the suppression of Biden’s laptop.
The agency also flagged
certain tweets for Twitter to remove from the platform, the files
found. Some agents were even employed at the social media company.
Republican Kentucky Rep. James Comer, the incoming House Oversight Chair, said Tuesday that Congress should block funding of the FBI until it disclosed the alleged involvement in Big Tech censorship.
“In
the beginning, I thought that there were probably two or three rogue
employees who were orchestrating this cover up of the Hunter Biden
laptop story, but now we know the FBI had a division of at least 80
agents,” Comer said. “We also know that the FBI paid Twitter over $3
million for their time, all the time they took over the past couple of
years in telling them who to suppress, who to ban. You know, it’s just
things that the government has no role in.”
“The FBI was never
granted the authority to create any type of disinformation task force
that policed the social media sites. Now this we know with Twitter,” he
continued. “We’ve heard similar stories from Zuckerberg. Who knows what
went on at YouTube and Google. This is an agency that’s out of control.”
Slate | Musk is the richest man in the world and yet comports himself online
like a pustulous incel on a Mountain Dew bender. Though Taibbi and Weiss
were each once ensconced at the absolute top of the American mainstream
media—Weiss at the opinion section of the New York Times, Taibbi as a
star writer for Rolling Stone—both have since migrated to Substack,
where they each run popular and lucrative newsletters that exist to bite
the hands that once fed them
Their
shared thesis, to oversimplify, is that the mainstream media, Big Tech,
and other important cultural institutions now follow a shared set of
ultra-liberal speech codes that have been imposed from within by woke
young employees. Cowed by their strident staffers, executives at these
institutions have allegedly abdicated their leadership responsibilities
and have, so to speak, allowed the inmates to run the asylum. Dare to
express opinions that transgress these implicit speech codes—dare to say
anything that might offend even a single “social justice
warrior” within these spheres—and you’ll quickly find yourself
excommunicated. The broader implications of this alleged ideological
uniformity, Taibbi and Weiss argue, are devastating for speech and
democracy.
And
actually, fair enough. There is ample historical precedent for leftist
political movements using speech codes as tools to empower repressive
regimes, just as there are countless moments in history when right-wing
dipshits have stoked moral panics rooted in cultural revanchism and
risible claims of conspiracy in order to consolidate power and influence
for their own curdled ends. The challenge and obligation of citizenship
in a democracy involves, in part, remaining alert to the various
strains of demagoguery that are circulating at any given period of time,
accurately assessing the relative threats that they pose to democratic
principles, and taking notice when prominent voices seem intent on
deflecting your attention from mountains while warning endlessly about
molehills.
American
democracy has indeed taken a bit of a beating over the past few years,
but the most violent blows have been landed by the Trumpist right and
its opportunistic enablers. While neither Taibbi nor Weiss is blind to
the threats that Trumpism has posed to democracy, their recent output
sure does make it seem as if the predominant crisis facing America today
is one of creeping illiberalism and ideological uniformity in tech,
media, and the Democratic Party. Though Taibbi and Weiss do not
self-classify as conservatives, the drum that they’ve been banging for a
few years now is functionally indistinguishable from the one that the
American right wing has been banging for as long as I’ve been alive—a
concordance that matters intensely when attempting to parse the import
of the Twitter Files.
WSJ | So compromised are the national reporting staffs of the Washington Post, the New York Times and other outlets that they can’t be trusted on the biggest story of the day. A Jeff Bezos, say, would have to take a page from the CIA’s own
history and recruit a “Team B” off-site from his Washington Post to
investigate the laptop ruse, then require his newspaper to report the
truth however discomfiting to its newsroom and leadership.
The laptop ruse also ought to have you rethinking the FBI’s and Robert Mueller’s dragging out of the collusion inquiry to damage a president they distrusted. It ought to have you rethinking James Comey’s
convenient resolution of the Hillary Clinton email matter based on
secret “Russian intelligence” that he made sure would remain hidden from
you even today.
Our
press would bring these stories to light if it could refute them, but
it can’t so it ignores them. And no, Twitter and Substack aren’t a
substitute for institutions that can deploy teams of reporters and
substantial resources to investigations.
The
point has long since stopped being whose ox is gored, Mr. Trump’s or
Mr. Biden’s. American voters whatever their sympathies don’t want their
government and media lying to them to shape their political choices.
(Put aside lying in a way that falsely incriminates a nuclear-armed
hostile power as trying to fix a U.S. election on behalf of one of the
candidates—an element of this episode that none want to confront.)
The election is over; the truth is kept from you now to protect the
guilty, not to save the country from the supposed menace of Trumpism. In
a different universe far, far away—that is, America pre-Donald Trump—a
conscientious press would be reporting the hell out of all this.
Now
House Republicans will have to do the job instead, implicitly holding
the press to account in the process. Whether Joe Biden actively promoted
his son’s ventures is a secondary question but will yield to further
investigation. Whether active-duty officials joined in lying to news
outlets about the laptop origins will become clear as the Twitter
revelations are followed up. One question I think we can say is already
resolved conclusively: The 51 former officials lied to the public with
deliberation and premeditation to influence a presidential election, and
the national press abetted them.
9/29 again
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